Pharmacogenomics in Clinical Practice: Towards a Personalized Drug Therapy Paradigm
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University College Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University.
2 Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SSJ Collage of pharmacy, Hyderabad.
3 Department of Pharmacology, University College Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal – 506009, TS, India.
Review
World Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, 2025, 08(02), 007–014.
Article DOI: 10.53346/wjapls.2025.8.2.0027
Publication history:
Received on 17 July 2025; revised on 29 August; accepted on 01 September 2025
Abstract:
Pharmacogenomics has become a cornerstone for precision medicine, promising the ability to individualize drug therapy by taking genetic differences in drug metabolism, action, and safety into consideration. This review emphasizes the concepts of pharmacogenomics, which include the genetic underpinnings of drug response, the impact of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions, and the role of genetic differences such as single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes. Real-world clinical practice illustrates the revolutionary function of pharmacogenomics in oncology, cardiology, psychiatry, and infectious disease, with FDA-approved biomarkers and Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines offering actionable evidence for personalized prescribing. Clinical implementation remains challenged, however, by variability in evidence quality, result complexity, inadequate clinician training, ethical issues of privacy and discrimination, and cost and accessibility disparities. Nevertheless, solutions like incorporation of pharmacogenomic information into electronic health records, computerized decision support systems, and new artificial intelligence strategies are potentially promising to address these issues. In the world at large, though implementation is most developed in high-income nations, initiatives in low- and middle-income countries prioritize building capacity and guaranteeing equitable access. Looking to the future, incorporating multi-omics data into predictive modelling and filling gaps in genetic diversity will be paramount to propelling pharmacogenomics toward a universally available and clinically relevant personalized drug treatment paradigm.
Keywords:
Pharmacogenomics; Personalized Medicine; Drug Response; Genetic Biomarker
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Copyright © 2025 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Liscense 4.0